4.集函数
a.count()求和,如:select count(*) from students (求学生总人数)
b.avg(列)求平均,如:select avg(mark) from grades where cno=’B2’
c.max(列)和min(列),求最大与最小
5.分组group
常用于统计时,如分组查总数:select gender,count(sno) from students group by gender(查看男女学生各有多少)
注意:从哪种角度分组就从哪列"group by"
对于多重分组,只需将分组规则罗列。比如查询各届各专业的男女同学人数 ,那么分组规则有:届别(grade)、专业(mno)和
性别(gender),所以有"group by grade, mno, gender"
select grade, mno, gender, count(*) from students group by grade, mno, gender
通常group还和having联用,比如查询1门课以上不及格的学生,则按学号(sno)分类有:
select sno,count(*) from grades where mark<60 group by sno having count(*)>1
6.UNION联合
合并查询结果,如:
SELECT * FROM students WHERE name like ‘张%’UNION [ALL] SELECT * FROM students WHERE name like ‘李%’
7.多表查询
a.内连接
select g.sno,s.name,c.coursename from grades g JOIN students s ON g.sno=s.sno JOIN courses c ON g.cno=c.cno
(注意可以引用别名)
b.外连接
b1.左连接
select courses.cno,max(coursename),count(sno) from courses LEFT JOIN grades ON courses.cno=grades.cno group by courses.cno
左连接特点:显示全部左边表中的所有项目,即使其中有些项中的数据未填写完全。左外连接返回那些存在于左表而右表中却没有的行,再加上内连接的行。
b2.右连接
与左连接类似
b3.全连接
select sno,name,major from students FULL JOIN majors ON students.mno=majors.mno
两边表中的内容全部显示
c.自身连接
select c1.cno,c1.coursename,c1.pno,c2.coursename from courses c1,courses c2 where c1.pno=c2.cno
采用别名解决问题。
d.交*连接
select lastname+firstname from lastname CROSS JOIN firstanme
相当于做笛卡儿积
8.嵌套查询
a.用关键字IN,如查询猪猪山的同乡:
select * from students where native in (select native from students where name=’猪猪’)
b.使用关键字EXIST,比如,下面两句是等价的:
select * from students where sno in (select sno from grades where cno=’B2’)
select * from students where exists (select * from grades where grades.sno=students.sno AND cno=’B2’)
9.关于排序order
a.对于排序order,有两种方法:asc升序和desc降序
b.对于排序order,可以按照查询条件中的某项排列,而且这项可用数字表示,如:
select sno,count(*) ,avg(mark) from grades group by sno having avg(mark)>85 order by 3
10.其他
a.对于有空格的识别名称,应该用"[]"括住。
b.对于某列中没有数据的特定查询可以用null判断,如select sno,courseno from grades where mark IS NULL
c.注意区分在嵌套查询中使用的any与all的区别,any相当于逻辑运算“
”而all则相当于逻辑运算“&&”
d.注意在做否定意义的查询是小心进入陷阱:
如,没有选修‘B2’课程的学生 :
select students.* from students, grades where students.sno=grades.sno AND grades.cno <> ’B2’
上面的查询方式是错误的,正确方式见下方:
select * from students where not exists (select * from grades where grades.sno=students.sno AND cno=’B2’)
11.关于有难度多重嵌套查询的解决思想
如,选修了了全部课程的学生:>select * from students where not exists (select * from courses where NOT EXISTS (select * from grades where sno=students.sno AND cno=courses.cno))
最外一重:从学生表中选,排除那些有课没选的。用not exist。由于讨论对象是课程,所以第二重查询从course表中找,排除那些选了课的即可